À pergunta "O estudo de história da filosofia é de algum interesse para a própria filosofia?", diferentes são as respostas. Tomando-se como referência a defesa merleau-pontyana de uma intrínseca relação entre filosofia e história da filosofia e, particularmente, as ideias de Merleau-Ponty contidas no excerto "A Filosofia e o ‘Fora’", o presente artigo procurará subsidiar a tese de um ensino filosófico da filosofia. Objetiva, pois, encontrar argumentos subjacentes à tese de uma história filosófica da filosofia para fundamentar as relações entre (...) a filosofia e seu ensino. There are different answers to the following question: "Is there any interest, to philosophy itself, on the study of history of philosophy? Considering Merleau-Ponty’s argument of an intrinsic relationship between philosophy and history of philosophy, and, particularly his ideas contained in the excerpt "Philosophy and the Outside", this article will support the thesis of a philosophical teaching of philosophy. It aims, therefore, to find arguments underlying the thesis of a philosophical history of philosophy to substantiate the relationship between philosophy and its teaching. (shrink)

Pelo menos desde o século XIX, a relação entre o pessimismo e a política tem suscitado o debate entre diversos filósofos, cujas leituras têm apontado para compreensões bastante opostas. Por um lado, há a leitura tradicional, que aproxima Schopenhauer, o fundador do pessimismo moderno, de uma concepção política conservadora, como é o caso das críticas feitas por Lukács. Por outro lado, há uma apropriação crítica, por parte de uma assim chamada “esquerda schopenhaueriana”, de aspectos desse pessimismo, como fazem Mainländer, Lütkehaus, (...) Horkheimer e a escola de Teoria Crítica. Neste artigo, buscamos analisar algumas categorias de pensamento político, social e econômico de Schopenhauer e as distintas leituras de sua filosofia. (shrink)

The First International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modelling and Using Context, Rio de Janeiro, January 1997, gave rise to the present book, which contains a selection of the papers presented there, thoroughly refereed and revised. The treatment of contexts as bona fide objects of logical formalisation has gained wide acceptance, following the seminal impetus given by McCarthy in his Turing Award address. The field of natural language offers a particularly rich variety of examples and challenges to researchers concerned with the (...) formal modelling of context, and several chapters in the volume deal with contextualisation in the setting of natural language. Others adopt a purely formal-logical viewpoint, seeking to develop general models of even wider applicability. The 12 chapters are organised in three groups: formalisation of contextual information in natural language understanding and generation, the application of context in mechanised reasoning domains, and novel non-classical logics for contextual application. (shrink)

A condição humana”, de autoria de Hannah Arendt, possui conteúdos teóricos importantes para a compreensão das atividades humanas na atualidade e, entre elas, as exercidas pelos profissionais da área da saúde e neste momento, da Enfermagem. Dessa forma, pode-se analisar o relato dos Docentes de Enfermagem em relação à Vita Activa quando expõem a condição humana experienciada no cotidiano. Em outros termos, o labor está relacionado às atividades que correspondem ao processo biológico do corpo humano para garantir à subsistência: os (...) cuidados com o corpo do Enfermeiro Docente. Este é realizado por meio da alimentação, da higienização, do sono, do repouso, com uso de medicamentos e o acompanhamento com especialistas. Em relação ao work, os ED realizam uma obra manual e intelectual que compreende ao ensino dos estudantes e ao cuidado ao labor dos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde. O work abrange também o fazer científico e as relações interpessoais na Universidade, as quais ocorrem por meio do comando, da obediência e com hierarquia. A action é estabelecida quando os ED agem e falam conjuntamente com os pares durante as reuniões de Departamento, nos Sindicatos e nos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde, atuando com igualdade, liberdade, responsabilidade, isto é, de maneira cidadã. O ED precisa estar ciente da importância destas três atividades da Vita Activa, pois além de consumir e produzir pode, ao exercer a política, iniciar novos processos que possibilitem mudanças em relação aos cuidados com o próprio labor, no processo de work e na convivência com os outros. Acredita-se que isto resultará na melhoria da qualidade de vida dele, do ensino em Enfermagem e dos cuidados de saúde aos usuários do SUS. (shrink)

In this paper we present the problem of a noisy lexical taxonomy and suggest two tasks as potential remedies. The first task is to identify and eliminate incorrect hypernymy links, and the second is to repopulate the taxonomy with new relations. The first task consists of revising the entire taxonomy and returning a Boolean for each assertion of hypernymy between two nouns (e.g. brie is a kind of cheese). The second task consists of recursively producing a chain of hypernyms for (...) a given noun, until the most general node in the taxonomy is reached (e.g. brie → cheese → food → etc.). In order to achieve these goals, we implemented a hybrid hypernym-detection algorithm that incorporates various intuitions, such as syntagmatic, paradigmatic and morphological association measures as well as lexical patterns. We evaluate these algorithms individually and collectively and report findings in Spanish, English and French. (shrink)

In this paper we present a reconstruction of Hegel's critique of Kant. We try to show the congruence of that critique in both theoretical and practical philosophy. We argue that this congruence is to be found in Hegel's criticism of Kant's hylemorphism in his theoretical and practical philosophy. Hegel is much more sympathetic to Kant's response to the distinction between matter and form in his theoretical philosophy and he credits Kant with ‘discovering’ here that thinking is an activity that always (...) takes place within a greater whole. He, however, argues that the consequences of this are much more significant than Kant suspects and that, most importantly, the model of cognition in which thought (form) confronts something non-thought (matter) is unsustainable. This leads to Hegel's appropriation of Kantian reflective judgements, arguing that the greater whole in which thinking takes place is a socially shared set of meanings, something resembling what Kant calls a sensus communis. From here, it is not far to Hegel's Geist, which eventually gains self-consciousness in Sittlichkeit, a whole of social practices of mutual recognition. In practical philosophy, Hegel argues for the importance of situating oneself within such a whole in order to attain the self-knowledge required for autonomous, or ethically required, action. For this to happen, he claims, it is necessary to recognise the status of Kantian Moralität as a form of Sittlichkeit or social practice. This would justify our practices without an appeal to a ‘fact of reason’ and also allow a wider range of actions that could count as autonomous. (shrink)

No dia onze de março de 2020, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) anunciou o estabelecimento da pandemia proveniente de um novo vírus, o Sars-Cov-2, com propagação inicial em Wuhan, cidade localizada na China. Mediante sistematização de parâmetros ideais para um novo normal pós-pandemia, percebemos a importância de compreender como a comunidade migratória vivencia as novas configurações, tendo em vista o contexto cultural de produção do capital e também para as igrejas na relação de apoio sociorreligioso ao imigrante e sua (...) formatação organizacional. Esse artigo objetiva, portanto, identificar os impactos da pandemia de Covid-19 para os imigrantes e igrejas brasileiras na Flórida Central. Para tanto, estabelecemos com a _Intuitive Methodology_ entrevistas estruturadas para imigrantes e líderes religiosos da região, survey desenvolvido na plataforma _SurveyMonkey _e referencial teórico concernente à determinação social no contexto de pandemia e fluxo migratório brasileiro na região. (shrink)

El crecimiento y el desarrollo de la complejidad cultural a lo largo de la historia humana, poseen la forma de una espiral en movimiento que se abre a las posibilidades; desde un punto se extienden una serie de círculos concéntricos que amplían el espectro cultural. Esta apertura la podemos percibir desde un concepto clave en la obra wittgensteineana, a saber, la noción de ver aspectos. Por otra parte, con ella también podemos distinguir y entender otro punto clave en esa dinámica (...) cultural, ello es: la idea de cambio y conflicto social. Así pues, la idea del presente trabajo es mostrar las estructuras epistémicas con las que operan los conflictos y los cambios socioculturales -tan relevantes para el desarrollo social y la teoría antropológica-, tomando como fondo la idea wittgensteineana de visión de aspectos. Con lo que encontramos, que el presente artículo además de ser una contribución al “estudio cultural” con base en un interés epistemológico, pretende vincular la filosofía wittgensteineana con la antropología científica.Palabras clave: Visión de aspectos, conflicto, cambio social, Wittgenstein, epistemología.The growth and development of cultural complexity throughout human history has had the form of a moving spiral that opens to possibilities; from one point, a series of concentric circles is extended that expand the cultural spectrum. This opening can be perceived from a key concept in Wittgenstein’s thought, namely, the notion of seeing aspects. On the other hand, with this concept we can also identify and understand another key point in that cultural dynamic: the idea of change and social conflict. Thus, the idea of this paper is to show the epistemic structures through which conflicts and socio-cultural changes operate, which are so relevant to social development and the anthropological theory, taking the Wittgensteinian idea of seeing aspects as a background. This article is not only a contribution to “cultural study” based on an epistemological interest, but it also tries to link Wittgenstein’s philosophy with scientific anthropology.Key words: Vision of aspects, conflict, social change, Wittgenstein, epistemology. (shrink)

An indispensable collection that re-examines what it means to belong in the world. "Where are you from?" The word cosmopolitan was first used as a way of evading exactly this question, when Diogenes the Cynic declared himself a “kosmo-polites,” or citizen of the world. Cosmopolitanism displays two impulses—on the one hand, a detachment from one’s place of origin, while on the other, an assertion of membership in some larger, more compelling collective. Cosmopolitanisms works from the premise that there is more (...) than one kind of cosmopolitanism, a plurality that insists cosmopolitanism can no longer stand as a single ideal against which all smaller loyalties and forms of belonging are judged. Rather, cosmopolitanism can be defined as one of many possible modes of life, thought, and sensibility that are produced when commitments and loyalties are multiple and overlapping. Featuring essays by major thinkers, including Homi Bhabha, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Thomas Bender, Leela Gandhi, Ato Quayson, and David Hollinger, among others, this collection asks what these plural cosmopolitanisms have in common, and how the cosmopolitanisms of the underprivileged might serve the ethical values and political causes that matter to their members. In addition to exploring the philosophy of Kant and the space of the city, this volume focuses on global justice, which asks what cosmopolitanism is good for, and on the global south, which has often been assumed to be an object of cosmopolitan scrutiny, not itself a source or origin of cosmopolitanism. This book gives a new meaning to belonging and its ground-breaking arguments call for deep and necessary discussion and discourse. (shrink)

Parties are central agents of democratic representation. The literature assumes that this function is an automatic consequence of social structure and/or a product of incentives derived from electoral competition. However, representation is contingent upon the organizational structure of parties. The connection between a party and an organized constituency is not limited to electoral strategy; it includes an organic connection through permanent formal or informal linkages that bind party programmatic positions to social groups’ preferences, regardless of the electoral returns. This article (...) analyzes how the Movimiento al Socialismo in Bolivia and the Frente Amplio in Uruguay developed two different forms of relationship with social organizations that result from the interplay of historical factors traceable to the parties’ formative phases and party organizational attributes. Party organizational features that grant voice to grassroots activists serve as crucial mechanisms for bottom-up incorporation of societal interests and demands. (shrink)

Book review of: Donald R. Morrison (Hg.), The Cambridge Companion to Socrates, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010.

When examining the current form that modern society has acquired, it is hard to overlook the emergence of a systemic dimension that has become far removed from its social-symbolic roots. This systemic dimension is the result of a process of functional differentiation and simultaneous growth that has led to the gradual formation of social systems that, alongside their coordinating effect, give rise to multiple conflicts or crises. But how are the crises of modern societies to be understood in light of (...) this logic of functional differentiation and internal growth? The purpose of this article is to postulate one particular form of crisis, which will be understood as the result of a consubstantial tendency towards systemic growth. The trend takes the form of a concentration of the performances of social systems that recreates modern schemes of stratification, homogenizes the diversity of options and selections of these systems and, by becoming caught up in thoughtless patterns of growth, produces critical scenarios. (shrink)

A preocupação com a saúde física e mental de crianças, adolescentes, jovens, adultos e idosos tem crescido ao longo dos últimos anos, sobretudo a partir da pandemia de Covid-19. Tal preocupação tem produzido estudos e pesquisas acadêmicas; levantamentos e análises realizados por organizações nacionais e internacionais; políticas públicas nacionais; e orientações e planos de ação dirigidos às diversas nações. Se por um lado a atenção e o cuidado com as questões relativas à saúde física e mental são importantes e necessários, (...) por outro, fazem pensar no risco da medicalização da vida, do sofrimento e do mal-estar. Tendo em vista que a escola tem sido lócus privilegiado de discursos e práticas medicalizantes, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de averiguar se o processo de medicalização é abordado na formação inicial de pedagogos e investigar os conhecimentos dos participantes sobre a temática. Para tal fim, foi aplicado um questionário em 19 (ex)estudantes de uma universidade pública federal através do aplicativo Google Forms. Dentre os resultados, a análise indica que o tema ainda é pouco estudado no curso e que há pouca clareza na definição e diferenciação dos termos medicalização, patologização e medicação, e na compreensão das causas e desdobramentos do processo. (shrink)

UNESCO in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development establishes respect for the environment and sustainability education as key elements for the challenges of society in the coming years. In the educational context, physical education can have a vital role in sustainability education, through Traditional Sporting Games. The aim of this research was to study from an ethnomotor perspective the different characteristics of two different groups of TSG in the Canary Islands, Spain. The corpus of this investigation was made up of (...) 513 TSG, identified by two analysis techniques and collected in a database. The categories corresponding to the variables of the internal logic of the game were the type of motor interaction, related to space, relationships with time, and relationships with objects. The study also examined the variables of external logic or sociocultural conditions such as the protagonists, playing areas, and game moments. The data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics: cross-tables, effect sizes, classification trees, and the identification of frequency areas. Of the total number of playful activities identified, most were physical activities. These activities were Quasi-games without rules and TSG as well as activities with Objects and without material. This research confirms that the TSG in the Canary Islands is a mirror of traditional culture and, from a pedagogical approach, shows great potential for material and social sustainability. (shrink)

Este artículo plantea la posibilidad de hallar un surgimiento de la literatura autobiográfica en la obra de Michel Foucault a partir del momento en que este filósofo deja de interesarse por la literatura como un espacio autorreferencial para adentrarse en la historia de criminales, locos, anormales, vidas minúsculas e infames, cuyos relatos se encuentran comprometidos dentro de diferentes prácticas discursivas promovidas por mecanismos de poder. En este sentido, los diarios de Pierre Rivière, Herculine Barbine o Alexina B. y del anónimo (...) inglés de _My secret life_, no sólo cuestionarán la voluntad de saber sobre el crimen y la sexualidad que comenzaba a surgir en términos médicos, psiquiátricos y legales a fines del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX, sino que también pondrán en tela de juicio la institucionalidad literaria a partir de una especie de genealogía de la literatura autobiográfica, nacida, en su generalidad, dentro de prácticas confesionales. De este modo, Foucault demuestra un interés previo por la autobiografía antes de que esta práctica de escritura sea situada dentro de una ética y estética de sí. (shrink)

We draw from Eisenstadt’s (2002) conceptualization of multiple modernities which he pro­posed to analyze processes marking modernity and their different versions in contemporary societies. These processes do not delete all pre-existing orientations, value affinities and social arrangements, and while modernity is recognizable everywhere, modern societies also differ at other respects. We formulate a similar contention for globalization. We point to three interacting and intermingling movers of social reality—globalization, multiculturalism and the national principle—which concretize everywhere, and according to contexts and a (...) priori features, specific models qualifying for the notion of multiple globalizations. Beyond the variety of multiple globalizations, this notion underlines the newness of our time and hints the “next society”. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo analisa as disputas de sentido envolvendo o corpo homossexual masculino caracterizado como urso. Considerando o aporte teórico-metodológico da Análise Dialógica do Discurso, foi analisada uma postagem com três sequências de comentários que tematizavam o corpo urso em um grupo da rede social Facebook. A análise revelou que o centro da disputa de sentidos nos enunciados se detém em duas valorações distintas: (i) o urso identificado como um corpo gordo e peludo e (ii) o urso identificado como um (...) corpo padrão e com (alguns) pelos. Por meio das oposições gordo/não gordo e pelos/não pelos, o gay de corpo padrão disputa características do corpo urso, notadamente os pelos, para demonstrar mais traços de masculinidade. Contudo, essa posição gera, em tom quase sempre irônico e crítico, protesto daqueles que defendem que os ursos representam a resistência de uma categoria que se enquadra, acima de tudo, ao corpo gordo. (shrink)

El propósito del presente artículo es el de desarrollar y proyectar una interpretación de la filosofía de la historia elaborada por el pensador donostiarra Eugenio Ímaz. Dicha exposición estará dirigida al objetivo de explicitar cómo el optimismo histórico de Ímaz basado en la noción de utopía lidió con los trágicos acontecimientos que aquel vivió durante los años treinta en España. En este sentido, la confianza de Eugenio Ímaz en el régimen republicano se vio fracturada por los acontecimientos bélicos que le (...) llevaron al exilio. Esta lectura nos permitirá apreciar cómo la metabolización de estos eventos desde el marco de su teoría de la historia coadyuvó a un agotamiento de la noción de utopía que nos permite vincular el horizonte histórico e intelectual de Ímaz con el contexto europeo de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. (shrink)

The article focuses first of all on the peculiar kind of anthropology implicit in the thought of Millán-Puelles. In the second part it underlines the relevance of the distinction between nature and freedom in the political anthropology of the author, as well as the outstandig importance of the idea of liberty with its several significant nuances of meaning.

The point of the article is that representation is primarily an activity in the realm of knowledge while participation belongs to the will. Representation and participation are two dimensions of human life, at the same time personal and political. One cannot expect real participation in the absence of true representation. The present democracies have a real problem regarding the participation of the people in politics.

A good will is not so much an "ethical concept" as one that refers to the nucleus of human existence and the meaning of life. If the intellect is a function of identity, the will is a function of otherness. Together, the intellect and the will render an account of that arcane principle of all reality which is unity-diversity or limit. Such arcana is manifested in the following: the intellect is the limit of the will and the will is the (...) limit of the intellect. The perfection of the will -the will that becomes good- requires self-knowledge. In order to give an account of the other I have to take myself seriously and realize that I only know myself through the other. A good will, therefore, has many other related dimensions aside from that of love and respect. (shrink)

Few Philosophers have been able to give to their work a deep an wise visíon of the world applicable to everyday existence. Among them we find Joseph Pieper, extraordinary writer and philosopher whose works (edited by Berthold Wald) confirm his socratic character of wisdom lover (filo-sophos).

Accord ing to the neoplatonist tradition, the article emphasizes the outstanding relevance of the concept of limit or mesure, specially in relation to the practical realm. Diverging from the apparences, reachingt he limits of one's own possibiliti es doesn't me an for the human being to get locked in itself, but to become great. The greatness of the soul is born in th eadequate conscience of one's own lim its and it is the most relevant virtue.

Pure being, without reference to negativity and otherness, is unthinkable and unreal. Being with regard to negativity is giving: being gives what it is not. The radical act of giving is to produce the other in itself; the derived act is to create. Being in relation to non-being is having. There is no existence other than in having. Giving, donation, implies a having which is had, consciousness, freedom, reflection. Without reflection, there is no giving. Being is knowing; having, loving. There (...) is no donation without love. The notion of "pure exchange" is infrahuman. (shrink)

This article underlines the significance of the new interpretation of Plato's Parmenides. The platonic "protology" found in the Parmenides connects directly with neoplatonic tradition. Christian Neoplatonism, through its trinitarian speculation, is the philosophical movement which best captures the deepest implications of the unity-diversity theory of the Parmenides. The author suggests that the christian neoplatonic solution to the unity-diversity issue is superior to those offered by Hegel, Nietzsche and Heidegger.

Abstractabstract:This article engages in the contemporary discussion on utopia by exploring Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez’s philosophy. The fall of the Berlin Wall has led to debates about the “end of history” and to doubts about the possibility of achieving the ideals and values embedded within the Marxist utopia. To deal with this challenge, contemporary scholars have revisited Marxist tradition to recover the hope stemming from utopia. However, these readings have not taken into consideration Sánchez Vázquez’s contribution to this topic. With a (...) view to addressing this omission, this article analyzes philosophical assumptions underlying Sánchez Vázquez’s approach. By exploring his Philosophy of Praxis and by highlighting its anthropological assumptions, this study demonstrates the extent to which his works provide theoretical underpinnings and resources for contesting contemporary discourses on the “end of history” and for recovering utopia after the fall of the Berlin Wall. (shrink)

Atualmente não se pode negar a influência que a ciência tem sobre a sociedade. Com efeito, não podemos esquecer que esta mesma ciência se isolou das reflexões sobre o ser humano, sobre os valores éticos e mesmo sobre seus próprios fins. Portanto, ao falar em ciências e seu uso no processo ensinoaprendizagem nos remete ao pensamento da teoria clássica: onde todos os estudantes e, inclusive o professor, sairão satisfeitos. Ao contrário, o que se verifica atualmente é o oposto. Alunos desmotivados (...) e professores insatisfeitos. Como isto pode acontecer se temos cada vez mais acesso aos recursos tecnológicos? As novas tecnologias presentes nas escolas não têm facilitado esse processo? Como as teorias cientificas podem ser usadas em sala de aula e como podem favorecer a construção do conhecimento no educando são questões que remetem à preocupação do autor em contribuir com uma tendência no ensino de ciências na Amazônia que vá em direção de uma educação em ciências que rompa com os estreitos limites da ciência atual.Currently there is no denying the influence that science has on society. Indeed, we can not forget that this same science has isolated itself from the reflections on human beings, on ethical values and even about their own ends. Therefore, when speaking on science and its use in teaching-learning process brings us to the thought of the classical theory: where all students and even teachers, they will leave satisfied. Instead, what we see today is the opposite. Unmotivated teachers and students dissatisfied. How can this happen if we have more access to technological resources? New technologies present in the schools do not have facilitated this process? As scientific theories can be used in the classroom and how they can encourage the construction of knowledge in the student are issues that relate to the concern of the author in contributing to a trend in science education in the Amazon that goes toward a science education that break with the narrow limits of current science. (shrink)